Summary
The Wyoming Supreme Court is the highest court in the U.S. state of Wyoming. The Court consists of a Chief Justice and four Associate Justices. Each Justice is appointed by the Governor of Wyoming from a list of three nominees submitted by the judicial nominating commission, for an eight-year term. One year after being appointed, a new justice stands for retention in office on a statewide ballot at the next general election. If a majority votes for retention, the justice serves the remainder of the term and may stand for retention for succeeding eight-year terms by means of a nonpartisan retention ballot every eight years. A justice must be a lawyer with at least nine years’ experience in the law, at least 30 years old, and a United States citizen who has resided in Wyoming for at least three years. Justices must retire when they reach 70 years of age.
The five Justices select the Chief Justice from amongst themselves. The person chosen serves as Chief Justice for four years. However, Richard V. Thomas of Cheyenne, a justice from 1974 to 2001, was chief justice only for two years (1985–1986).
OnAir Post: WY Judicial Branch
About
Source: Government webpage
A Little History on Our System of Government
In 1788, the newly ratified United States Constitution heralded a new form of government. In 1889, Wyoming voters ratified their own constitution, effective on July 10, 1890, the date Wyoming was admitted as a state in the union. These documents, with their subsequent amendments, contain the basic principles of government and the essential rights guaranteed to each citizen of Wyoming. The Wyoming and the United States Constitutions created three separate and co-equal branches of government. Each is charged with unique duties meant to ensure that our constitutional legacy continues to be the birthright of every citizen. The legislative branch, based on the concept of majority rule, makes law through the passage of statutes, which are then enforced by the executive branch. The judicial branch must interpret and enunciate the meaning of the law through the adjudication of disputes. The judicial branch is the branch which reviews the laws as they apply to actual events in the lives of individuals. As envisioned by the founders over two hundred years ago, when the judicial system protects the rights of one, the rights of all remain secure.
Our courts exist for the people, businesses, and governmental entities of this great state. Our mission is to provide a fair and impartial forum that is accessible to all for resolution of legal disputes. Our judges, and all members of the judicial branch, are working diligently to make the guarantee of equal justice embedded in our constitution a reality in Wyoming. We are proud of our judges who endeavor every day to fulfill their responsibilities. We invite you to visit our courts to see how they work and encourage you to learn more about our system of justice.
The Supreme Court
The Supreme Court of Wyoming, located in Cheyenne, is the highest level of court in the state and therefore is the final arbiter of cases that arise under state law. Its decisions are final except for cases that involve a question of federal law, which can be appealed to the United States Supreme Court. Most cases docketed in the Supreme Court are appeals from district courts. Litigants who are dissatisfied with a decision of a district court may appeal that decision to the Supreme Court. In deciding these appeals, the Supreme Court sets forth the definitive statements on Wyoming law which are binding upon all other courts and state agencies unless changed by legislative action.
The decisions of the Supreme Court fall into several different categories. Often the decisions follow the dictates of previous cases or existing statutes. Sometimes there is no exact statute or previous decision of the Supreme Court on a particular issue, and then the court must interpret the statutes which most closely apply, or extend previous decisions to cover the issues under question. Occasionally, when circumstances change or the existing case law appears to no longer serve the interest of justice, the Supreme Court may reject a decision in a previous case and apply a new rule of law. Finally, the Supreme Court may decide that a particular statute or ordinance does not meet the requirements of the United States Constitution or the Wyoming Constitution, and declare it unconstitutional.
There are five Supreme Court justices. Each Justice has two staff attorneys that assist in drafting opinions and a judicial assistant. The Clerk of the Court, a constitutional officer, serves at the pleasure of the Court. Keeper of the court seal, the clerk collects all fees and keeps the records, papers, and journals of the Supreme Court, both paper and electronic.
District Courts
The district courts are the trial courts of general jurisdiction in the state. The district judges preside over felony criminal and civil cases as well as juvenile and probate matters. They also hear appeals from lower court decisions. The jurisdiction of the district courts is unlimited except for civil cases under $50,000, small claims cases, and misdemeanors, which go to the circuit courts. As a result, the work of the district courts includes the most serious cases and controversies in the state. There are 24 district judges in the state organized into nine judicial districts. District court is held in each county seat so that some judges must regularly travel to all counties within their district to hear the cases that arise there. In addition, district judges travel to other districts when necessary to assist another judge with the workload of the district.
District judges are chosen like justices of the Supreme Court. They serve six-year terms. The governor appoints a judge from a list of three qualified persons submitted by the Judicial Nominating Commission, and the provisions for retention are the same as for Supreme Court justices. A district judge must be an attorney at least 28 years old who is a United States citizen and a resident of Wyoming for at least two years. Like Supreme Court justices, district judges must retire at the age of 70.
The clerk of district court is the record keeper of the court. Each county maintains a clerk of court’s office for the district court. The clerk maintains case files, which include all the written records of a case-complaint, answers, pleadings, orders, judgment, and written opinions, if any. In addition, the clerk keeps a docket showing all cases filed and decided in the court, receives and transmits all fees and monies deposited with the court, and manages the calling and initial examination of jurors for the court. The clerk is an elected official of the county.
Circuit Courts
The geographic boundaries of the circuit courts are the same as the nine judicial districts for the district courts. There are circuit courts in all 23 counties. The civil jurisdiction of the circuit courts covers cases in which the damages or recovery sought do not exceed $50,000. Circuit courts also hear family violence, stalking, and forcible entry and detainer cases. The criminal jurisdiction includes all misdemeanors. The circuit court may also have the jurisdiction of a municipal court over ordinance violations if a municipality requests and if the Supreme Court consents to such a consolidation of courts. Finally, the circuit court may set bail for people accused of crimes, and conduct preliminary hearings in felony cases.
Circuit court judges are appointed by the governor in the same manner as Supreme Court justices and district judges. They serve four year terms. They must be attorneys admitted to the Wyoming State Bar and qualified electors of the state and their judicial positions are full-time. A circuit court judge may submit names to the county commissioners for the appointment of magistrates to assist the judge. A full-time magistrate may be appointed in each county where a circuit court judge does not reside. There are full-time magistrates in Big Horn, Johnson, Niobrara, and Platte counties. Some circuit court magistrates are considered to be part-time and are not required to be law trained, a lay magistrate’s authority is limited by statute, but a law trained magistrate may perform all the duties of the circuit judge. Lay magistrates are primarily located in remote areas of our sparsely populated state.
Municipal Courts
Municipal courts operate in some incorporated cities and towns. Their jurisdiction covers all ordinance violations, but they have no civil jurisdiction. A municipal court judge may assess penalties of up to $750 and/or six months in jail. Municipal court judges are generally appointed by the mayor with the consent of the municipal council. The municipality sets their terms. Most municipal judges are part-time positions and many are lawyers.
Judicial Nominating Commission
The Judicial Nominating Commission considers applicants for judicial vacancies on the Supreme Court, the district courts, and the circuit courts. For each vacancy, the commission submits three names of qualified persons to the governor who appoints the justice or the judge. The commission consists of seven members. The chief justice (or another justice appointed by the chief justice) serves as chairman. Three other members are elected by the Wyoming State Bar who must be attorneys active in the practice of law in the state. The other three members are non-lawyers appointed by the governor. Commission members serve four-year terms and are not eligible for a second term.
More History of Wyoming’s Judicial System
Wyoming’s first courts were created in the Organic Act, which was enacted on July 25, 1868, and established the government for the Wyoming Territory. The power of the Wyoming territorial courts was established in four different types of court. The Supreme Court, which was the territory’s appellate court, consisted of three justices—a chief justice and two associate justices—who were appointed by the President of the United States. The justices served four-year terms, and could be removed from office during that term only by the president and with the consent of the senate.
President Ulysses S. Grant appointed John H. Howe as the first chief justice of the Court, and associate justices Joseph W. Fisher and John W. Kingman.
The territory was divided into three judicial districts, and a district court was established in each district. Each of the Supreme Court justices were assigned to one of the district courts and served as district court judge. This arrangement certainly made some litigants uneasy, as a member of the Supreme Court would be reviewing the very decisions he made as a district court judge. The district courts were courts of general jurisdiction, dealing with all matters that were outside the jurisdiction of the justice of the peace courts.
The justice of the peace courts were established to deal with controversies in which less than $100 was at stake. Further, the justice of the peace courts could not determine controversies that involved the title or boundaries of land. The territory’s justice of the peace court made history when Esther Hobart Morris was appointed as the country’s first female justice of the peace. She was sworn in on February 14, 1870, in South Pass City in Sweetwater County, and served until December 6, 1870.
The final court established by the Organic Act is the probate court. The Organic Act focused primarily on the functions of the other three courts and gave very little specificity in terms of the purpose and duties of the probate court. Probate judges also served as the county treasurer.
Once Wyoming became a state, its court system was established by Article V of the Wyoming Constitution. The constitution originally established four courts: courts of arbitration; justice of the peace courts, district courts, and the Supreme Court. However, through various constitutional amendments and legislation, the character of each of the courts changed, some courts were added, while others were completely abolished.
Regarding the Wyoming Supreme Court, the constitution afforded the Supreme Court appellate jurisdiction over the district courts and original jurisdiction in matters of extraordinary relief. There were three justices on the Court, and the justices were elected by the voters of the state for eight-year terms. If a vacancy occurred during the middle of a term, the governor appointed a replacement to finish the term. The constitution also mandated which justice would serve as chief justice by how much time was left to serve in the eight-year term before the next election. Importantly, the constitution established that the Supreme Court was separate and independent from the district courts. This was a matter of significant debate at the constitutional convention. Some people were concerned that the new state did not have the resources of an additional $6,000 to support separate judges for the various courts. However, the concerns of the Supreme Court justices also serving as district court judges in the territorial courts won the debate. Delegate Smith argued: “What is the matter of a few thousand dollars compared with the rights of life and liberty?” Delegate Riner echoed that sentiment: “I have talked with men in Carbon county, in Albany county, and men in Laramie county, and I find that the universal sentiment is very largely in favor of a supreme court, and an independent supreme court, where a man knows when he takes his case into court, he can go there and get full and impartial justice
In 1957, the Wyoming Legislature proposed an amendment to the Constitution that would change the required number of justices on the Court from three to four. While having an even number of justices seemed counterproductive to always having a majority vote, the voters were informed that the Court would operate in panels of three on cases—similar to the United States Courts of Appeal—and the justices would rotate themselves on the panels. The voters approved the amendment; however, the four justices always sat on every case, resulting in many decisions without a majority vote. In those cases, the decisions of the district courts were affirmed. In 1971, the Wyoming Legislature proposed another amendment to the Constitution that would change the number of justices from four to “not less than three nor more than five justices as may be determined by the legislature.” Currently, there are five justices on the Court. Approved by the voters, the amendment also allowed the members of the Court to determine who would serve as chief justice.
As to the district courts, originally the constitution divided the state into three judicial districts, but gave the legislature the authority to establish more if needed. However, the constitution explicitly stated that the legislature could not authorize more than four judicial districts or district court judges until the taxable valuation of property in the state exceeded $100,000,000. At the time of statehood, Laramie, Converse, and Crook counties comprised District One; Albany, Johnson, and Sheridan counties comprised District Two; and Carbon, Sweetwater, Uinta, and Fremont counties comprised District Three. Over time, other counties were created and now the state’s 23 counties make up nine judicial districts and have 24 presiding district court judges.
There also has been an evolution of the arbitration, justice of the peace, county, and circuit courts. The constitution also originally established courts of arbitration and justice of the peace courts. The constitution did not say much about the arbitration courts, but it granted the justice of the peace courts jurisdiction over civil cases of up to $200, misdemeanors, and the authority to bind felonies cases over to the district courts. In 1965, the legislature proposed an amendment that would eliminate the justice of the peace and arbitration courts from the constitution. Thus, the constitution would establish the judicial power of the state in “a supreme court, district courts, and such subordinate courts as the legislature may, by general law, establish and ordain from time to time.” However, any justice of the peace and arbitration courts that had already been established would stay in existence until the legislature took future action. The voters approved the amendment.
In the late 1970s, the legislature decided to replace justice of the peace courts with county courts. In counties with a population of more than 30,000 residents, the board of county commissioners was required to establish a county court, thus, eliminating the justice of the peace court in that county. However, if the county’s population was less than 30,000 residents, the board of county commissioners had the choice to either transition to a county court or keep the justice of the peace court. County courts had greater jurisdiction than the justice of the peace courts. The county courts had jurisdiction over civil cases of up to $4,000 (later changed to $7,000), small claims, forcible entry and detainers, misdemeanors, and could conduct bail and preliminary hearing for felony cases. Originally, the number and location of county judges were determined by the Board of County Commissioners in each county after consulting with the district court judge located in the county. However, in 1981, the legislature amended the process, and took control over determining the number and location of county judges in each county.
Because of the differences in how county courts and justice of the peace courts functioned, the legislature decided to replace both county courts and justice of the peace courts with the circuit courts. In 2000, the legislature passed the Court Consolidation Act which transitioned all counties into the circuit court system. The legislature determined how many circuit court judges would sit in each district, and the judges serve for four-year terms. The circuit courts have a similar jurisdiction to what the county courts had, but the circuit courts also exercise jurisdiction over liens and abandoned vehicle disposals. In 2011, the legislature increased the circuit courts’ civil jurisdiction over matters of up to $50,000.
With respect to juvenile and domestic relations court, in 1947, the legislature proposed a constitutional amendment that would give the legislature the authority to establish these specific courts. The amendment passed, but the legislature did not exercise any authority under the amendment until 1971. At that time, the legislature passed the Juvenile Court Act of 1971, which established a statewide county based system of juvenile courts. The juvenile courts are staffed by district court judges and have general jurisdiction over minors alleged to be delinquent, neglected, or in need of supervision. The legislature has never acted on its authority to establish domestic relations courts.
Turning to the appointment and terms of judges, at statehood, the constitution did not put limits on how long a justice or judge could serve so long as he or she continued to be chosen by the voters. However, significant changes to the judicial selection process, how long a justice or judge can serve, and the supervision of the judicial branch was proposed by the legislature in 1971.
First, the legislature sought and the voters approved an amendment to the constitution establishing a Judicial Nominating Commission dramatically changing the judicial selection process. Instead of justices and judges being elected by the voters, a Judicial Nominating Commission, interviews candidates and narrows that pool down to three individuals. The names of those three individuals are given to the governor, who then must choose one of the three to fill the judicial vacancy. The Commission consists of the chief justice, three attorneys selected by members of the state bar association, and three lay members appointed by the governor. This merit based process, however, recognizes the importance of the voters having input into the process, so instead of partisan elections, the justices and judges stand for retention. Supreme Court justices must stand for retention every eight years, district court judges every six, and circuit court judges every four. The non-partisan, retention elections are a simple “yes” or “no” answer of whether the voter believes the justice or judge should be retained in office.
Second, the amendment mandates that a justice or judge must retire when he or she reaches the age of 70.
Finally, the amendment created the Judicial Supervisory Commission. The commission considers complaints of judicial misconduct made against judicial officers and may propose discipline of a judicial officer to the Supreme Court. After a hearing, the commission may recommend retirement, censure, or removal from office due to issues surrounding performance or misconduct. In the mid-1990s voters approved an amendment to change the name to the Commission on Judicial Conduct and Ethics. The commission consists of 12 members: three active judges who are not on the Supreme Court; three members of the state bar; and six electors of the state who are not judges or attorneys and are appointed by the governor.
Thanks again for your interest in Wyoming’s judiciary. In closing, here are a few fun and noteworthy facts:
In 2000, Marilyn Kite was the first woman appointed to the Wyoming Supreme Court. She served as chief justice from 2010-2014 and retired from the Court in 2015.
Willis Van Devanter, who served as the chief justice of the territory’s Supreme Court, was appointed by President William Taft to the United States Supreme Court.
Fred H. Blume has the distinction of being the longest serving justice on the Wyoming Supreme Court. He became a member of the Court in 1921 and retired in 1963, serving the Court for 42 years.
Web Links
Wyoming Supreme Court
Source: Government Webpage
Meet the Justices
About the Court
The Supreme Court of Wyoming, located in Cheyenne, is the final arbiter of cases that arise under state law. Its decisions are final except for cases that involve a question of federal law, which can be appealed to the United States Supreme Court.The Supreme Court hears appeals from decisions of the district courts, and it also hears petitions for extraordinary relief from lower court decisions. Litigants who are dissatisfied with a decision of a district court may appeal that decision to the Supreme Court. In deciding these appeals, the Supreme Court sets forth the definitive statements on Wyoming law which are binding upon all other courts and state agencies unless changed by legislative action.
The decisions of the Supreme Court fall into several different categories. Often the decisions follow the dictates of previous cases or existing statutes. Sometimes there is no exact statute or previous decision of the Supreme Court on a particular issue, and then the court must interpret the statutes which most closely apply, or extend previous decisions to cover the issues under question. Occasionally, when circumstances change or the existing case law appears to no longer serve the interest of justice, the Supreme Court may reject a decision in a previous case and apply a new rule of law. Finally, the Supreme Court may decide that a particular statute or ordinance does not meet the requirements of the United States Constitution or the Wyoming Constitution, and declare it unconstitutional.
In addition to its responsibilities for deciding cases, the Supreme Court also exercises administrative supervision over the Wyoming State Bar. It regulates the practice of law in the state and admits new attorneys to that practice.
There are five justices of the Supreme Court. The term of office is eight years. When a vacancy occurs, the Judicial Nominating Commission submits a list of three qualified nominees to the governor, and the governor makes the appointment from that list. After serving on the court for one year, the new justice stands for retention in office on a statewide ballot at the next general election. If a majority of the electorate votes for retention, the justice serves an eight-year term and may seek succeeding terms by means of a nonpartisan retention ballot. A justice must be a lawyer with at least nine years of experience in the law, be at least 30 years old, and must also be a United States citizen who has resided in Wyoming for at least three years. Justices must retire when they reach 70 years of age.
The five justices together select the chief justice who serves a four-year term, presides at meetings of the Court and in conference, and who represents the Supreme Court on various commissions and other groups.
The State Court Administrator serves at the pleasure of the Supreme Court. The court administrator and staff are responsible for the Supreme Court and circuit courts’ budgets and fiscal management, for court technology, and for the purchase and maintenance of court property.
The Supreme Court appoints the Clerk of the Supreme Court. The clerk collects all fees and keeps the records and papers of all cases. The clerk also distributes judicial opinions and orders.
Staff attorneys assist the justices of the Supreme Court in legal research. They check the attorneys’ research in appellate briefs and prepare memoranda on the legal issues involved in the cases.
The Supreme Court established the Board of Judicial Policy and Administration to make policy decisions for the Wyoming Judicial Branch.
Wyoming District Courts
Source: Government Webpage
The district courts are the trial courts of general jurisdiction in the state. A district court exists in all 23 counties, and the counties are organized into nine judicial districts. The district judges preside over felony criminal cases, large civil cases, as well as juvenile and probate matters. They also hear appeals from lower court decisions. The jurisdiction of the district courts is unlimited except for civil cases under $50,000, small claims cases, forcible entry and detainer cases, and misdemeanors, which are heard in the circuit courts. As a result, the work of the district courts includes the most serious cases and controversies in the state.
There are 24 district judges in the state. District court is held in the county seat of each county, and judges regularly travel to all counties within their district to hear the cases that arise there. In addition, district judges travel to other districts when necessary to assist another judge with the workload of the district.
District judges are chosen like justices of the Supreme Court. They serve six-year terms. The governor appoints a judge from a list of three qualified persons submitted by the Judicial Nominating Commission, and the provisions for retention are the same as for Supreme Court justices. A district judge must be an attorney at least 28 years old who is a United States citizen and a resident of Wyoming for at least two years. Like Supreme Court justices, district judges must retire at the age of 70.
Each district judge hires a court reporter. The primary duties of the reporter are to keep a verbatim record of court proceedings and to prepare a written transcript of proceedings when requested. Transcripts are often necessary for appeals or some further legal action in a case. A court reporter, therefore, must always be present at trials and certain other important court proceedings. The court reporter may also serve as the district judge’s assistant in administrative and other office duties.
The clerk of district court is the record keeper of the court. Each county maintains a clerk of court’s office for the district court. The clerk maintains case files, which include all the written records of cases, such as complaints, answers, motions, orders, judgments, and written opinions. In addition, the clerk keeps a docket showing all cases filed and decided in the district court, receives and transmits all fees and monies deposited with the district court, and manages the calling and initial examination of jurors for the district court. The clerk is an elected official of the county.
Law clerks assist the district judges in legal research and help with other duties the judges may assign to them.
Circuit Courts
Source: Government Webpage
The circuit courts are limited jurisdiction courts. The geographic boundaries of the circuit courts are the same as the nine judicial districts for the district courts, and there are circuit courts in all 23 counties. The civil jurisdiction of the circuit courts covers small claim cases and civil cases in which the damages or recovery sought do not exceed $50,000. Circuit courts also hear family violence, stalking, and sexual assault protection order cases. Further, they hear forcible entry and detainer cases. The criminal jurisdiction of the circuit courts covers all misdemeanor cases. A circuit court may also have the jurisdiction of a municipal court over ordinance violations if a municipality requests it and if the Supreme Court consents to such a consolidation of courts. Finally, the circuit courts may set bail for people accused of crimes, and they may conduct preliminary hearings in felony cases.
Circuit court judges are appointed by the governor in the same manner as Supreme Court justices and district judges. They serve four-year terms. They must be attorneys admitted to the Wyoming State Bar and qualified electors of the state, and their judicial positions are full-time. A circuit court judge may submit names to the county commissioners for the appointment of magistrates to assist the judge. A full-time magistrate may be appointed in each county where a circuit court judge does not reside. There are full-time magistrates in Big Horn, Johnson, Niobrara and Platte counties. Some circuit court magistrates are considered to be part-time and are not required to be law trained, but if they are law trained, they may also conduct a private practice of law. A lay magistrate’s authority is limited by statute. Only law trained full–time magistrates may perform the duties of the circuit court judges. Lay magistrates are primarily located in remote areas of our sparsely populated state.
Circuit court judges may perform judicial duties for the district courts at the request of district court judges, and many do assist regularly on routine district court matters throughout the State. Circuit court judges handle thousands of traffic, criminal, small claims and civil cases every year. They might hear traffic cases in the morning and felony preliminary hearings in the afternoon.
Municipal Courts
Source: Government Webpage
Municipal courts operate in all incorporated cities and towns. Their jurisdiction covers all ordinance violations, but they have no civil jurisdiction. A municipal court judge may assess penalties of up to $750 and/or six months in jail. Municipal court judges are generally appointed by the mayor with the consent of the municipal council. The municipality sets their terms. Most municipal judges are part-time positions and many are lawyers.
Wikipedia
The Wyoming Supreme Court is the highest court in the U.S. state of Wyoming. The Court consists of a Chief Justice and four Associate Justices. Each Justice is appointed by the Governor of Wyoming from a list of three nominees submitted by the judicial nominating commission,[1] for an eight-year term.[2] One year after being appointed, a new justice stands for retention in office on a statewide ballot at the next general election.[3] If a majority votes for retention, the justice serves the remainder of the term and may stand for retention for succeeding eight-year terms by means of a nonpartisan retention ballot every eight years.[3] A justice must be a lawyer with at least nine years' experience in the law, at least 30 years old, and a United States citizen who has resided in Wyoming for at least three years.[4] Justices must retire when they reach 70 years of age.[5]
The five Justices select the Chief Justice from amongst themselves. The person chosen serves as Chief Justice for four years. However, Richard V. Thomas of Cheyenne, a justice from 1974 to 2001, was chief justice only for two years (1985–1986).
Justices
Current justices
As of March 26, 2024,
| Justice[6] | Born | Joined | Term expires | Mandatory retirement | Appointed by | Law school |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kate M. Fox, Chief Justice | 1955 (age 68–69) | January 3, 2014[a] | 2024 | 2025 | Matt Mead (R) | Wyoming |
| Lynne J. Boomgaarden | 1961 (age 62–63) | February 20, 2018 | 2028 | 2031 | Matt Mead (R) | Wyoming |
| Kari Jo Gray | September 20, 1960 | October 9, 2018 | 2028 | 2030 | Matt Mead (R) | Wyoming |
| John G. Fenn | – | January 17, 2022 | 2024 | 2032 | Mark Gordon (R) | Wyoming |
| Robert Jarosh | January 13, 1971 | March 27, 2024 | 2026 | 2041 | Mark Gordon (R) | Wyoming |
- ^ Became Chief Justice on July 1, 2021.
References
- ^ "Article 5, Section 4 (b)". Wyoming Constitution. State of Wyoming. Archived from the original on April 26, 2007. Retrieved January 27, 2013.
- ^ "Article 5, Section 4 (f)". Wyoming Constitution. State of Wyoming. Archived from the original on April 26, 2007. Retrieved January 27, 2013.
- ^ a b "Article 5, Section 4 (g)". Wyoming Constitution. State of Wyoming. Archived from the original on April 26, 2007. Retrieved January 27, 2013.
- ^ "Article 5, Section 8". Wyoming Constitution. State of Wyoming. Archived from the original on April 26, 2007. Retrieved January 27, 2013.
- ^ "Article 5, Section 5". Wyoming Constitution. State of Wyoming. Archived from the original on April 26, 2007. Retrieved January 27, 2013.
- ^ "Wyoming Supreme Court Justice Bios". Wyoming Supreme Court website. Wyoming Supreme Court. Retrieved January 27, 2013.
External links
- Official site
- "Wyoming", Caselaw Access Project, Harvard Law School, OCLC 1078785565,
Court decisions freely available to the public online, in a consistent format, digitized from the collection of the Harvard Law Library
